布洛克《叙利亚传统研究导论》（中英文对照版）第三部分

For the earlier Arab period the only general works available are in German: W. Hage, Die syrisch-jakobitische Kirche in frühislamischer Zeit (Wiesbaden, 1966), and P. Kawerau, Die jakobitische Kirche im Zeitalter der syrischen Renaissance (Berlin, 2nd ed. 1960); the latter deals with the twelfth to thirteenth century. A good collection of studies on the ‘Syriac renaissance’ is to be found in H. Teule and others (eds), The Syriac Renaissance. A Period of Interreligious and Intercutural Dialogue (Eastern Christian Studies 9; Leuven, 2010).

The history of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the later Middle Ages and the Ottoman period has been little studied; for the late Ottoman period, however, there is now Kh. Dinno, Syrian Orthodox Christians in the Late Ottoman Period and Beyond (Piscataway NJ, 2017). Information concerning the massacres of Syriac Christians, as well as of Armenians, at the time of the First World War is now becoming more available; two important books on the subject are S. de Courtois, The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the last Arameans (Piscataway NJ, 2004), and D. Gaunt, Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I (Piscataway NJ, 2006).

For the historical geography of the Syrian Orthodox Church, there are two very useful works by E. Honigmann, Évêques et Évêchés Monophysites d’Asie Antérieure au VIe siècle (Louvain, 1951), and Le Couvent de Barsauma et le Patriarcat Jacobite d’Antioche et de Syrie (Louvain, 1954). The early history of Tur Abdin in southeastern Turkey, an important cultural homeland of the Syrian Orthodox Church, is expertly studied by A. N. Palmer in his Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier. The Early History of Tur ‛Abdin (Cambridge, 1990). (The present-day people and architecture of the area beautifully recorded in photographs by H. Hollerweger in his Tur Abdin. Lebendiges Kulturerbe—Living Cultural Heritage—Canli Kültür Mirasi [Linz, 1999]).

G. BIBLIOGRAPHICAL AIDS

C. Moss’s Catalogue of Syriac Printed Books and Related Literature in the British Museum (London, 1962) provides the nearest thing available to a bibliography of Syriac studies up to about 1959; it is arranged alphabetically by author (ancient, as well as modern). For relevant printed books of the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries, a useful listing can be found in the bibliography in Nestle’s Syriac Grammar.

From 1960 onwards reasonably complete coverage is provided by the periodic classified bibliographies published in Parole de l’Orient as follows:

1960–1970: Parole de l’Orient 4 (1973), pp. 393–465.

1971–1980: Parole de l’Orient 10 (1981/2), pp. 291–412. 1981–1985: Parole de l’Orient 14 (1987), pp. 289–360. 1986–1990: Parole de l’Orient 17 (1992), pp. 211–301.

These four have also been combined into a single volume: S. P. Brock, Syriac Studies: a Classified Bibliography (1960–1990) (Kaslik, 1996).

1991–1995: Parole de l’Orient 23 (1998), pp. 241–350. 1996–2000: Parole de l’Orient 29 (2004), pp. 263–410. 2001–2005: Parole de l’Orient 33 (2008), pp. 281-448. 2006–2010: Parole de l’Orient 38 (2013), pp. 241-452.

These four have now likewise been combined into a single volume, Syriac Studies: a Classified Bibliography (1991–2010) (Kaslik, 2014). The growing size of each of these bibliographies is a pleasing indication of the increasing academic interest in Syriac studies.

An annual listing of new books of Syriac relevance can be found in the first number of Hugoye each year (from 1998 onwards); from 2017 onwards it is planned to include articles as well (listed alphabetically by author, rather than by subject).

An excellent searchable bibliography on Syriac Christianity is also available on the internet (see Section I, below).

There are also a number of specialized bibliographies (those for the Peshitta Old Testament have already been mentioned above). The following alphabetic list combines individual authors and topics:

Ascetic and mystical literature: G. Kessel and K. Pinggéra, A Bibliography of Syriac Ascetic and Mystical Literature (Eastern Christian Studies, 11; Leuven, 2011).

Barhebraeus: J.M. Fiey, “Esquisse d’une bibliographie de Bar Hebraeus (+1286),” Parole de l’Orient 13 (1986), pp. 279–312 and especially H. Takahashi, Barhebraeus: A Bio-Bibliography (Piscataway NJ, 2005).

Catalogues of Manuscripts: A. Desreumaux (with F. Briquel Chatonnet), Répertoire des bibliothèques et des catalogues de manuscrits syriaques (Paris, 1991). Some addenda, mostly from Middle Eastern libraries, are provided by C. Detienne in Le Muséon 105 (1992), pp. 283–302. Several catalogues of important collections have subsequently been published, in particular: Deir al-Surian (Egypt), by S.P. Brock and L. van Rompay (2014); Paris, by F.

Briquel-Chatonnet (1997); St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai (‘New Finds’): manuscripts by Mother Philothea of Sinai (2008), and fragments by S.P. Brock (1995). A number of Middle Eastern collections are now covered by the work of Hill Museum and Manuscript Library (HMML) in Collegeville, Minnesota.17

Ephrem: K. den Biesen, Bibliography of Ephrem the Syrian (Giove in Umbria, 2002; 2nd edition, 2011). Basic guidance to editions and translations of the genuine works can be found in J. Melki, “Éphrem le syrien. Un bilan de l’édition critique,” Parole de l’Orient 11 (1983), pp. 3–88, and in my “A brief guide to the main editions and translations of the works of St Ephrem,” The Harp 3:1/2 (1990), pp. 7–29; an expanded edition is published in Khristianskij Vostok 6(XII) (2013), pp. 13–77.

Inscriptions: H. J. W. Drijvers and J. F. Healey, The Old Syriac Inscriptions of Edessa & Osrhoene (Leiden, 1999). This collects all the inscriptions belonging to the first to third centuries, several of which are in mosaics. A bibliography of publications of inscriptions (most of which are from the fifth century or later) is given in my Studies in Syriac Christianity (1992), Chapter 3 (originally published in 1978; subsequent publications can readily be found in the section “Inscriptions” in the bibliographies in Parole de l’Orient). The inscriptions of Tur ‛Abdin are collected by A. N. Palmer in Oriens Christianus 71 (1987), pp. 53–139. A Corpus of all known Syriac inscriptions is in the course of preparation; so far two volumes have appeared: F. Briquel-Chatonnet, A. Desreumaux, and J. Thekeparampil, Recueil des inscriptions syriaques, I. Kérala (Paris, 2008); and A. Harrak, II, Iraq: Syriac and Garshuni Inscriptions, I–II ((Paris, 2010). An idea of the range of the material can be seen from the chapters in Les inscriptions syriaques, edited by F. Briquel Chatonnet, M. Debié, and A. Desreumaux (Paris, 2004).

Isaac of Antioch: E. G. Mathews, “A bibliographical clavis to the corpus of works attributed to Isaac of Antioch,” Hugoye 5:1 (2002), pp. 3–14, and 6:1 (2003), pp. 51–76.

Jacob of Edessa: D. Kruisheer and L. van Rompay, “A bibliographical clavis to the works of Jacob of Edessa,” Hugoye 1:1 (1998).

17 See C. Stewart, “HMML and Syriac manuscripts” in F. Briquel-Chatonnet and M. Debié (eds), Manuscripta Syriaca (Paris, 2015), pp. 49–63.

Jacob of Serugh: Kh. Alwan, “Bibliographie générale raisonnée de Jacques de Saroug,” Parole de l’Orient 13 (1986), pp. 313–83, and S.P. Brock, “Jacob of Serugh: a select bibliographical guide”, in G.A. Kiraz (ed.), Jacob of Serugh and his Times (Piscataway NJ, 2010), pp. 219–244.

Liturgy: J-M. Sauget, Bibliographie des liturgies orientales (1900–1960) (Rome, 1962); S. Janeras, Bibliografia sulle liturgie orientali (1961–1967) (Rome, 1069); P. Yousif, A Classified Bibliography on the East Syrian Liturgy (Rome, 1990). Also very useful are: H. Brakmann, “Zu den Liturgien des christlichen Ostens”, and “Literaturberichte: der Gottesdienst der östlichen Kirchen”, Archiv für Liturgiewissenschaft 24 (1982), pp. 377–410, and 30 (1988), pp. 303– 410.

H. SERIES, PERIODICALS, ENCYCLOPEDIAS, AND COLLECTED VOLUMES

Series

Pride of place is taken here by the series Scriptores Syri in the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium (Corpus of Oriental Christian writers), published at Louvain since 1903; by the end of 2015 a total of 255 volumes in the Syriac series had been published. The normal format is a separate volume each for text (Estrangelo script) and translation (Latin, German, French, or English); there is also a series of Subsidia, and several of these are specifically on Syriac topics.

A large number of Syriac texts have also been published in the Patrologia Orientalis, founded by R. Graffin and for long edited by his nephew F. Graffin (d. 2002). By the end of 2015 a total of 53 volumes (in 236 fascicules) had appeared, of which 69 fascicules concern Syriac texts. In this series the translation (now normally French) either faces the text, or (in older volumes) is placed under it. R. Graffin also started another series, Patrologia Syriaca, of which, however, only three volumes ever appeared (not to be confused with Ortiz de Urbina’s history of Syriac literature under the same title). An interesting account of R. Graffin’s series is provided by L. Mariès and F. Graffin in Orientalia Christiana Periodica 67 (2001), pp. 157–78.

Although not in a series, the large number of Syriac writers edited by Lazarist Father Paul Bedjan (1838–1920) should not be left without mention. Between 1888 and 1910 he published over fifteen volumes (often running to well over 500 pages each), of Syriac texts, which were printed

(by W. Drugulin of Leipzig) in a beautiful East Syrian script.18 Appreciations of Bedjan’s notable contribution to Syriac studies are to be found by J. M. Vosté in Orientalia Christiana Periodica 2 (1945), pp. 45–102, and by H. Murre-van den Berg in vol. VI of the Gorgias reprint of Jacob of Serugh’s verse homilies (2006).

Many of A. Mingana’s publications of Syriac (and some Garshuni [Arabic in Syriac script]) texts from the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts (Birmingham, GB) were published in the series Woodbrooke Studies. Between 1927 and 1934 seven volumes appeared, the widely known being the last, entitled Early Christian Mystics.

A series edited until his death (in 1996) by W. Strothmann is Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe Syriaca (35 volumes, 1971–1994). In the earlier volumes a typewriter with Estrangelo script, developed in Holland, was employed for the Syriac texts. (This is one of the three Syriac typewriter faces that seem to have been produced; another, designed some time ago in Germany, is based on the modern East Syrian script, and was employed to type the Modern Syriac texts in a collection of these by R. Macuch and E. Panoussi). The series has recently been revived, and several volumes involve Syriac topics, among them vol. 41 (2012) and 46 (2014) with the papers of the VIth and VIIth German-speaking Syrologen-Symposia.

An important series for studies on the Syriac Bible (especially the Old Testament) is to be found in the Monographs of the Peshitta Institute, Leiden, already mentioned above (in section D).

In Lebanon the Centre d’études et de recherches orientales (CERO) (Antelias) has organised (since 1993) an annual series of colloquia on different topics under the general title Patrimoine syriaque, whose proceedings are published in European languages and in Arabic (in separate volumes). Many valuable papers can be found in these, above all in the Actes de Colloque IX: Les Syriaques transmetteurs de civilisations. l’expérience du Bilad el-Sham à l’epoque omeyyade (2005). The first four colloquia concerned liturgical topics, the fifth and sixth dealt with Syriac monastic tradition, while the seventh and eighth were on spirituality. More recently CERO has inaugurated another series, Sources syriaques, in which is intended to publish important Syriac texts accompanied by translations; a volume to introduce the series, entitled Nos sources. Arts et littérature syriaques (Antelias, 2005), provides a very

18 There is a fascinating history of Syriac printing, by J. F. Coakley, The Typography of Syriac. A Historical Catalogue of Printing Types, 1537–1958 (London/ New Castle, Delaware, 2006).

useful introduction to different genres of Syriac literature, contributed by both Middle Eastern and Western scholars.

It is a gratifying sign of the increasingly wide interest in the Syriac tradition that in different countries or regions there are now regular series of conferences. The earliest was in Kerala (India), organized by the St Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI; see below under Periodicals), followed by North America (1991), Germany (1998), Canada (2000), Italy (2002), and France (2003); some of the publications resulting from these are mentioned below.

Beginning in 2002 the Centro Ambrosiano in Milan has had a series of conferences on the Syriac tradition; six volumes (2003–2012), edited by E. Vergani and S. Chialà, containing the papers from these meetings have been published. With the establishment of a Syriac section in the Accademia Ambrosiana, papers have been published in Orientalia Ambrosiana 1– (2012–).

Since 2004 the French Societé des études syriaques (Paris) has published voumes on specific topics based on their annual meetings. These volumes provide an excellent way in to scholarship in a particular area of Syriac studies:

Modern technology has greatly facilitated the production of bilingual editions, with text and translation on facing pages. Gorgias Press has several series, notably for the Persian Martyrdoms and for Jacob of Serugh’s Verse Homilies. The broader series of Texts from Christian Late Antiquity also contains several volumes of works by Syriac authors. Another bilingual series is Eastern Christian Texts, published by Brigham Young University

(Provo, Utah); of the several volumes published so far, one involves a Syriac author: S.P. Brock and G.A. Kiraz, Ephrem the Syrian: Select Poems (2006).

There are also some wider series which often include volumes of specifically Syriac interest, notably:

Eastern Christian Studies (Leuven): among the relevant volumes is number 20 (2015), entitled Syriac Encounters, contains the papers from the Sixth North Ameican Syriac Symposium.

Orientalia – Patristica – Oecumenica (Münster). Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte (Münster), is edited by M. Tamcke and others. Several volumes are of Syriac interest, in particular those publishing the papers from some of the Deutsche SyrologenSymposia: Syriaca [I] constitutes vol. 17 (2002), and Syriaca II vol. 33 (2004).

Finally, mention should be made of a series of monographs in Arabic, entitled Syriac Patrimony, and edited by Mor Gregorios Yohanna Ibrahim, Syrian Orthodox Metropolitan of Aleppo. The series includes a number of very useful volumes, in particular nos. 8–10, which are editions of detailed catalogues of Syriac manuscripts in various Syrian Orthodox libraries made by Mor Filoksinos Yohanna Dolabani and reproduced from his handwriting. An idea of the series can be gained from the review A. N. Palmer in Parole de l’Orient 23 (1998), pp. 217–231. Mor Gregorios was kidnapped by unknown persons on 22nd April 2013, and his fate, and that of his companion, Mor Paul Yazigi, Rum Orthodox Metropolitan of Aleppo who was kidnapped with him, remains unknown. A volume of tributes to Mor Gregorios was published in 2016.

Periodicals

In the past Syriac studies have rarely had a periodical devoted solely to themselves, though now the field is rather better provided for, notably by the Internet Hugoye, The Harp, and the Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. The following list also covers the chief periodicals where Syriac texts and articles of Syriac interest are frequently published (the list is alphabetical):

• Analecta Bollandiana. This specializes in hagiographical texts (in any language) and it is published by the venerable and learned Society of Bollandists in Brussels. | • Aram. This is the publication of the Aram Society for SyroMesopotamian Studies (founded and directed by Fr. Shafiq

Abouzayd, a Maronite priest with a doctorate from Fribourg in Switzerland who looks after the Melkite parish in London). The Aram Society holds annual conferences in Oxford (and occasionally elsewhere) which attract scholars from the Middle East as well as from Europe and America; for the most part the volumes contain the conference papers. | • Collectanea Christiana Orientalia (2004–). This new periodical, published in Córdoba, Spain, is edited jointly from the Facultad de Filosofia y Letras of the Universidad de Córdoba and the Centre de documentation et de recherches Arabes Chrétiennes (CEDRAC) of the Université Saint-Joseph, Beirut. Although most articles so far have been in the field of Christian Arabic, articles on aspects of Syriac studies are sometimes also included. | • The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies. This has been published since 1987 by the St. Ephrem Ecumenical Research Institute (SEERI), in Kottayam (Kerala, India), which had been inaugurated in 1985, and is now a research institute affiliated to the Mahatma Gandhi University of Kottayam. Fr. Jacob Thekeparampil (its founder and present Director) had spent several years in Europe, first doing his doctorate in Paris and then continuing in Göttingen; during this time he collected the basis of SEERI’s remarkably fine specialist library on Syriac studies. Besides teaching M.A. and other courses, SEERI organises international Syriac conferences once every four years, and several numbers of The Harp contain papers from these. An index, compiled by M. Hansbury, to the first 25 issues of The Harp is to be found in vol. 26 (2012), pp. 1–131. SEERI also publishes two monograph series, one in English, entitled Moran Etho (several of which have subsequently been republished by the Gorgias Press), and the other in Malayalam. SEERI has also published a correspondence course on the Syrian Christian Heritage.

computer fonts, and was behind the inclusion of Syriac among the unicode scripts. Hugoye has been published on the internet twice yearly since 1998; volumes for each year are now also be available in printed form as well. An index for vols. 1–10, by J. Walters, has been published separately (Piscataway NJ, 2011).

• Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies. This is the academic successor of the Journal of the Assyrian Academic Society (from vol. 11 (1997)); although the focus is more on Modern Syriac and related issues, there are also quite a number of articles on Classical Syriac topics. | • Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies. This useful annual has been edited from the University of Toronto (by Professor A. Harrak) from 2001 onwards. Many of the contributions have their origin in papers by international scholars given at meetings of the Society. | • Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. This is the new English-title continuation of Het christlelijk Oosten, published by the Institute of Eastern Christian Studies, Nijmegen. Volume 56 (2004) contains the main papers from the Eighth Symposium Syriacum, held in Sydney, Australia in 2000.

The immensely useful Gesamtregister für die Bände 1 (1901) bis 70 (1986) (Wiesbaden, 1989) was compiled by the present editor, H. Kaufhold; besides various indexes (including manuscripts cited), this also lists the contents of each number.

• Orientalia Christiana Periodica. This is published by the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome. An index for volumes 26–50 (1960–1984) is provided in OCP 52 (1986). There is a separate series of monographs under the title Orientalia Christiana Analecta in which volumes 197 (1974), 205 (1978), 221 (1983), 229 (1987), 236 (1990), 247 (1994), and 256 (1998) contain the papers given at the international Symposia Syriaca, I–VII (VIII has been published in Journal of Eastern Christian Studies 56 [2004]; IX, X and XI in Parole de l’Orient, for which see below). | • Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica. This has been published since 1970 by the Flemish-speaking Department of Oriental Studies at Leuven (Louvain); articles are in English, French, and German. There is also a monograph series, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, which has several volumes containing material of Syriac interest. | • L’Orient Syrien. Full of informative articles, this was edited from 1956 until 1967, shortly before his death, by Mgr. Gabriel Khouri-Sarkis, Syrian Catholic Chorepiscopus living in Paris. The contributions (all in French) are generally excellent examples of “haute vulgarisation,” and include many translations of Syriac texts. There is an index in the Mémorial Mgr. G. Khouri-Sarkis (Louvain, 1969).

• Revue de l’Orient Chrétien. This valuable periodical, edited by R. Graffin, ran from 1896 to 1946; there are indices at the end of every ten volumes. | • The Syrian Orthodox Patriarchal Magazine. Especially in recent years this long-established periodical has included important studies in English as well as Arabic.

Needless to say, articles on Syriac topics appear sporadically in many other periodicals as well.

Encyclopedias

The Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage (ed. S.P. Brock, A. Butts, G.A. Kiraz, and L. van Rompay; Piscataway NJ, 2011) now provides a single-volume encyclopedia devoted specifically to Syriac studies. All main Syriac authors and select topics are covered, and each entry contains a basic bibliography; illustrations and maps are also provided. A number of other encyclopedias and dictionaries, which have a different scope, include some coverage of the Syriac tradition; these include the following:

• The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity (ed. K. Parry, D. J. Melling, D. Brady, S. H. Griffith, and J. F. Healey; Oxford, 1999). | • Dictionnaire d’histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques (Paris, 1912–). This has only reached the middle of the letter L (vol. 31) by the end of 2015. Syriac is rather well covered (both persons and places). | • Dictionnaire de Spiritualité (Paris, 1932–95; 17 volumes). There are several excellent and important contributions of relevance (e.g., on Ephrem and Isaac of Niniveh).

based on A. di Berardino’s Nuovo dizionario patristico e di antichità Cristiana, the update of the next item. An excellent and very useful resource. | • Encyclopedia of the Early Church (ed. A. di Berardino; English tr. Cambridge, 1992), in two volumes, with good Syriac coverage. For the new edition, see the previous item. | • Encyclopedia of Early Christianity (ed. E. Ferguson; New York, 2nd ed. 1997), in two volumes, with quite good Syriac coverage.

For the Syriac Bible, helpful articles can be found, for example, in The Anchor Dictionary of the Bible (1992).

Although plans for a Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca were announced in Aram 5 (1993), it now seems unlikely that this will materialize as originally planned, so recourse must still be made to P. Peeters, Bibliotheca Hagiographica Orientalis of 1910.19 The situation is to some extent remedied by J. M. Fiey’s Les saints syriaques (Princeton NJ, 2004), a work which he had completed shortly before he died in 1995; this is in the form of a dictionary of saints. Some of Fiey’s material for this work was used for the Enciclopedia dei Santi. Le Chiese orientali, I–II (Rome, 1998–9).

Another most valuable reference work produced by Fiey towards the end of his life was Pour un Oriens Christianus Novus. Répertoire des diocèses syriaques orientaux et occidentaux (Beirut/Stuttgart, 1993). By his title Fr. Fiey (who was a Dominican) deliberately reflected that of the magisterial threevolume Oriens Christianus, compiled by his fellow Dominican, Michel Le Quien, which was published posthumously in 1740 (photographic reprint, Graz, 1958). Le Quien’s work covered all the Eastern Churches, whereas Fiey confines himself to the Church of the East (with the Chaldean Catholic Church) and the Syrian Orthodox (and Catholic) Church. Its modern equivalent, with good coverage for the Syriac Churches, is G. Fedalto, Hierarchi Ecclesiastica Orientalis, II (Padua, 1988).

For the subject of Law there is an authoritative introductory account by H. Kaufhold, “Sources of Canon Law in the Eastern Churches”, in W. Hartman and K. Pennington (eds), The History of Byzantine and Eastern Canon Law to 1500 (Washington DC, 2012), pp. 215–342.

Collected volumes

Festschriften (the bane of librarians), memorial volumes, and other collections may sometimes be devoted entirely, or largely to Syriac studies. The following list, alphabeticized under the name of the scholar concerned, is confined to works which are wholly, or primarily, of Syriac concern. Many Festschriften include a bibliography of the scholar being honoured.

Mar Aprem, (Festschrift): = The Harp 15 (2002).

19 For the contents, with some updating, see the Annotated bibliography of Syriac Resources Online, http://www.syri.ac. under Hagiography (also section I, below).

J. Assfalg, (Festschrift): ed. R. Schulz and M. Görg, Festgabe für Julius Assfalg (Ägypten und Altes Testament 20; 1990). There is an index in Oriens Christianus 76 (1992), pp. 275–9.

S. P. Brock, Syriac Perspectives on Late Antiquity (Variorum Reprints, London, 1984).

______, Studies in Syriac Christianity (Variorum Reprints, Aldershot, 1992).

______, From Ephrem to Romanos. Interactions between Syriac and Greek in Late Antiquity (Variorum Reprints, Aldershot, 1999).

______, Fire from Heaven: Studies in Syriac Theology and Liturgy (Variorum

Reprints, Aldershot, 2006). ______, (Festschrift): = Aram 5 (1993). ______, (Festschrift): ed. G.A. Kiraz, Malphono w-rabo d-malphone.

Studies in Honour of Sebastian P. Brock (Piscataway, 2008). J.F. Coakley, (Festschrift): = Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies 21:2

(2007).

A. Desreumaux, (Festschrift): ed. F. Briquel-Chatonnet and M. Debié, Sur les pas des Araméens chrétiens. Mélanges offerts à Alain Desreumaux (Paris, 2010).

H. J. W. Drijvers, East of Antioch. Studies in Early Syriac Christianity (Variorum Reprints, London, 1984).

______, History and Religion in Late Antique Syria (Variorum Reprints, Aldershot, 1994).

______, (Festschrift): ed. G. J. Reinink and A. C. Klugkist, After | ______, (Festschrift): ed. H. L.J. Vanstiphout, All those Nations. Cultural

Encounters within and with the Near East. Studies presented to Han Drijvers (Groningen, 1999).

J. M. Fiey, Communautés syriaques en Iran et Iraq des origines à 1552 (Variorum Reprints, London, 1979).

______, (Memorial volume): In Memoriam Professeur Jean Maurice Fiey (1914–1995) (Annales du Département des Lettres Arabes, Université SaintJoseph, 6-B, 1991/2 [1996]).

S. Gerö, (Festschrift): ed. D. Bumazhov, E. Grypeou, T.B. Sailors, and A. Topel, Bibel, Byzanz und christlicher Orient. Festschrift für S. Gerö (Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 187; 2011)

F. Graffin, (Festschrift): = Parole de l’Orient 6/7 (1975/6). S.H. Griffiith, (Festschrift): ed. R. Darling Young and M.J. Blanchard,

To Train his Soul in Books. Asceticism in Early Christianity (Washington DC, 2011).

A. Guillaumont, (Festschrift): ed. R-G. Coquin and E. Lucchesi, Mélanges Antoine Guillaumont: Contributions à l’étude des christianismes orientaux (Cahiers d’Orientalisme, Geneva, 1988).

______, (Memorial): eds F. Jullien and M-J. Pierre, Monachismes d’Orient. Images, échanges, influences. Hommage à Antoine Guillaumont (Turnhout, 2011).

W. Hage, (Festschrift): ed. M. Tamcke, W. Schwaigert, and E. Schlarb, Syrisches Christentum weltweit. Studien zur syrischen Kirchengeschichte. Festschrift für Wolfgang Hage (Studien zur Orientalischen Kirchengeschichte 1, 1995).

M. Hayek, (Festschrift): ed. C. Chartouni, Christianisme oriental. Kérugma et histoire. Mélanges offerts au Père Michel Hayek (Paris, 2007).

H. Hugonnard-Roche, La logique d’Aristote du grec au syriaque. Études sur la transmission des textes de l’Organon et leur interprétation philosophique (Paris, 2004).

______, (Festschrift): ed. E. Coda amd C. Martini Bonadeo, De l’Antiquite tardive au Moyen Âge. Études de logique aristotélicienne et de philosophie grecque, syriaque, arabe et latine offertes à Henri Hugonnard-Roche (Paris, 2014).

K.D. Jenner, (Festschrift): ed. W. Th. Van Peursen and R. B. ter Haar Romeny, Text, Translation and Tradition. Studies on the Peshitta and its Use in the Syriac Tradition presented to Konrad D. Jenner (Monographs of the Peshitta Institute 14; Leiden, 2006).

H. Kaufhold, (Festschrift): ed. P. Bruns and H.O. Luthe, Orientalia Christiana. Festschrift für Hubert Kaufhold (Wiesbaden, 2013).

G. Khouri-Sarkis, (Memorial volume): ed. F. Graffin, Mémorial Mgr

Gabriel Khouri- Sarkis (1898–1968) (Louvain, 1969). G. Paniker, (Festschrift): = The Harp 16 (2003). G. Reinink, Syriac Christianity under Late Sasanian and Early Islamic Rule

(Variorum Reprints, 2005).

______, (Festschrift): ed. W.J. van Bekkum, J.W. Drijvers, and A.C. Klugkist, Syriac Polemics. Studies in Honour of Gerrit Jan Reinink (Orientlaia Lovaniensia Analecta 170; 2007).

J. M. Sauget (ed. L. Duval-Arnould and F. Rilliet), Littératures et manuscrits des chrétientés syriaques et arabes. Receuil des articles (Studi e Testi 389, 1998).

W. Strothmann, (Festschrift): ed. G. Wiessner, Erkenntnisse und Meinungen, II (Göttinger Orientforschungen, Reihe Syriaca 17, 1978).

M. Tamcke, (Festschrift): ed. S.H. Griffith and S. Grebenstein, Christsein in der islamischen Welt. Festschrift für Martin Tamcke (Wiesbaden, 2015).

J. Thekeparampil, (Festschrift): = The Harp 20 (2006). M. van Esbroeck, (Memorial volume): ed. V. Lourie, in Scrinium (St.

Petersburg) 2 (2006).

A. Vööbus, (Festschrift): ed. R. H. Fischer, A Tribute to Arthur Vööbus (Chicago, 1977).

J.W. Watt, Rhetoric and Philosophy from Greek into Syriac (Variorum Reprints, 2010).

Finally in this section mention should be made of the Gorgias Press, which specializes in publications of Syriac interest (www.gorgiaspress.com). It will no doubt have been noticed that a considerable number of books cited earlier have been published in Piscataway NJ: this is the home of the Gorgias Press, founded and directed by George Kiraz. One of the great services of the Gorgias Press has been the reprinting of essential tools for Syriac studies, such as J. S. Assemani’s Bibliotheca Orientalis, W. Wright’s Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts in the British Museum, and W. P. Hatch’s Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts (with an additional introduction by L. van Rompay); likewise the Gorgias Press has reprinted a large number of editions of Syriac texts, sometimes with added Prefaces, or even added

materials (as in the case of Bedjan’s edition of Jacob of Serugh’s verse homilies).

George Kiraz is also the founder of Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute, already mentioned above (under Hugoye) in the section on Periodicals. One of Beth Mardutho’s current projects has been the digitization of all publications of Syriac relevance that are out of copyright, the aim being to provide a library of Syriac studies that is readily accessible to everyone. Since even the best university libraries usually have serious gaps in their holdings in this field, this virtual library will be of immense value for Syriac studies in the future.

A set of volumes most easily acquired through Gorgias Press, though not published by it, is entitled The Hidden Pearl. The Syrian Orthodox Church and its Ancient Aramaic Heritage (3 illustrated volumes and 3 documentaries). Although the title suggests that the work might solely be of interest to the Syrian Orthodox, in fact it is only a few chapters in the third volume which deal specifically with that Church; all the other chapters are of interest for the Syriac tradition as a whole, as will be clear from the list of contents:

Vol. I. The Ancient Aramaic Heritage (by S.P. Brock and D.G.K. Taylor): | Vol. II. The Heirs of the Ancient Aramaic Heritage (by E. Balicka- | Vol. III. At the Turn of the Third Millennium: the Syrian Orthodox Witness

(by S.P. Brock and W. Witakowski):

1. Introduction: the modern heirs of the Aramaic heritage; 2. The Churches of the Syriac tradition; 3. The Syrian Orthodox people in the

twentieth century; 4. The Syrian Orthodox presence worldwide; 5. The people and their language: cultivating Syriac; 6. Twentieth-century writing in Syriac; 7. The wider significance of the Syriac tradition; 8. In retrospect: a glance back to the past (Syriac historical writing; a minidictionary of Syriac authors, third to twentienth century); 9. The Bible in Syriac.

Since the volumes deliberately avoided any footnotes, the basic annotation that scholars are likely to want is provided separately, in Hugoye 5:1 (2002), pp. 63–112.

I. ONLINE RESOURCES FOR SYRIAC STUDIES

Prepared by J. Edward Walters

In 2012, Kristian Heal published an article that began the process of compiling online resources for the study of Syriac: K. Heal, “Corpora, eLibraries and Databases: locating Syriac Studies in the 21st century”, Hugoye 15:1 (2012), pp. 65–78.20 This list builds upon Kristian’s important work.

Bibliographies Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB Syri.ac: An Annotated Bibliography of Syriac Resources Online http://syri.ac

Databases Syriaca.org: The Syriac Reference Portal http://syriaca.org

Syriaca.org presently has a series of tools available that can be broken down further into more specific categories:

Geography The Syriac Gazetteer: http://syriaca.org/geo/index.html

20 Available at: http://www.bethmardutho.org/index.php/hugoye/volumeindex/505.html

People A Guide to Syriac Authors: http://syriaca.org/authors/index.html Qadishe: Guide to the Syriac Saints: http://syriaca.org/q/index.html

Hagiography Gateway to the Syriac Saints: http://syriaca.org/saints/index.html Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica: http://syriaca.org/saints/index.html

Texts / Corpora Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon: http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/ Oxford-BYU Corpus: https://www.syriaccorpus.org Syriac Library (maintained by Roger Pearse): http://www.tertullian.org/rpearse/thesyriaclibrary/

Manuscripts syri.ac Manuscript Catalogs http://syri.ac/manuscripts

Hill Museum and Manuscript Library http://www.hmml.org/catalog/ http://www.vhmml.org e-Corpus (includes the Syriac mss at St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, which were microfilmed by the Library of Congress in 1950) http://www.e-corpus.org

St. Catherine’s Monastery (Library of Congress) https://www.loc.gov/collections/manuscripts-in-st-catherinesmonastery-mount-sinai/

Sinai Palimpsests http://www.sinaipalimpsests.org

Database on Syriac manuscripts (Paris and other French libraries, Charfet, Florence) http://www.mss-syriaques.org Mingana Collection (select Syriac manuscripts) http://vmr.bham.ac.uk/Collections/Mingana/part/Syriac/ Miscellaneous manuscripts, maintained by Steven Ring http://www.syriac.talktalk.net/On-line-Syriac-MSS.html The World Digital Library (search for “Syriac” in their collection) https://www.wdl.org/en/ Vatican Digitized Syriac Manuscripts http://www.mss.vatlib.it/guii/scan/link1.jsp?fond=Vat.sir.

Lexica Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon: http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/

Dukhrana Multiple Lexicon Search: http://dukhrana.com/lexicon/search.php

SEDRA (Syriac Electronic Data Research Archive) sedra.bethmardutho.org Online Compendious Syriac Dictionary http://www.tyndalearchive.com/TABS/PayneSmith/index.htm

Books eBethArkè: The Syriac Digital Library http://www.bethmardutho.org/library/ebetharke Syriac Studies Reference Library (BYU) https://lib.byu.edu/collections/syriac-studies-reference-library/

In the following two centuries Maronite scholars continued to play an important role in Europe. Thus the first serious printed grammar of Syriac was the work of J. Amira (1596), and it was another Maronite scholar who assisted with the Syriac texts of the Paris polyglot Bible (1629–45). In the first half of the eighteenth century a number of scholars from the Assemani family played an important role, none more so than Joseph Simon Assemani, whose massive four-volume Bibliotheca Orientalis ClementinoVaticana (1719–28) has already been noted, as the first serious history of Syriac literature. Much of his work was based on manucripts recently acquired by the Vatican Library from the Monastery of the Syrians (Deir alSurian) in Egypt; although the monastery was by then entirely Coptic Orthodox, from the ninth to the early seventeenth century it had also had Syrian Orthodox monks who had built up a magnificent collection of manuscripts (see further, Chapter VI).

Although the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries witnessed a number of fine European scholars of Syriac, and some important editions of biblical books, it was not until the second half of the nineteenth century that European (and North American) Syriac scholarship really took off. This was in large part due to the stimulus and challenge provided by the large collection of early Syriac manuscripts purchased by the British Museum from Deir al-Surian. Publications of important new Syriac texts and translations from Greek started appearing almost at once; this was long before W. Wright’s superb Catalogue of 1870–72. No longer was there any further need for the complaint, added by one medieval scribe, ‘We books are many, but there is no one who reads us: what a pity that we remain unused!’

The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed the work of some of the giants of Syriac studies, whose names remain very familiar to every Syriacist today, G. Bickell, W. Cureton, P. de Lagarde, R. Duval, I. Guidi, T. Lamy, J.P.N. Land, Th. Nöldeke, R. Payne Smith, E. Sachau, and W. Wright, to name but the most prominent.

1895 saw the publication of the first edition of C. Brockelmann’s Lexicon Syriacum (he was aged only 27 at the time!). This was the time when the riches of the Syriac collection of St Catherine’s Monastery, Sinai, were beginning to come known, thanks in large part to the energy and efforts of the autodidact twin sisters, Agnes Lewis and Margaret Gibson (nées Smith). Something of the excitement of the time can be gathered from J. Soskice’s Sisters of Sinai. How Two Lady Adventurers found the Hidden Gospels (London, 2009).

The early years of the twentieth century saw the founding of the two great series of text editions, the Patrologia Orientalis and the Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium, as well as of the periodical Oriens

Christianus. Famous names of this period include A. Baumstark (whose fundamental Geschichte der syrischen Literatur came out in 1922), E.W. Brooks, E.A.W. Budge, F.C. Burkitt, J.B. Chabot, G. Furlani, R. Graffin and F. Nau. To these European scholars a number of Middle Eastern scholars should be added. Best known to western scholarship are Paul Bedjan (d. 1920), a tireless editor of Syriac texts, and Alphonse Mingana (d. 1937) who, financed by the philanthopist Edward Cadbury, built up the Mingana Collection of Manuscripts in Birmingham (GB), editing a number of its important new texts in Woodbrooke Studies, and providing the threevolume Catalogue of the Syriac manuscripts (1933–1939). Less known, except to a few specialists, are Addai Scher, Chaldean bishop of Siirt, editor of several texts in the Patrologia Orientalis, who was martyred during the massacres of 1915, the Syrian Catholic Patriarch Ignatius Ephrem Rahmani (d. 1929), liturgist and editor of Studia Syriaca, a series that published a number of rare texts, and his younger Syrian Orthodox counterpart, Patriarch Ignatius Aphram Barsaum (d. 1957), author of The Scattered Pearls (for which see above, under E).

The Second World War and its aftermath saw something of a lull in Syriac studies, but from the late 1950s onwards there has been an increasing stream of publications of editions and studies. Thus, over the course of twenty years from 1955 Edmund Beck, a Benedictine monk of Metten Abbey, provided much-needed new editions of all Ephrem’s genuine hymns. These reliable new editions, along with the recovery of about two thirds of the original Syriac text of the Commentary on the Diatessaon attributed to Ephrem, have led to a reassessment of Ephrem and other early Syriac writers, exemplified in Robert Murray’s Symbols of Chruch and Kingdom. A Study of Early Syriac Tradition (Cambridge, 1975; reprinted with a new foreword, Piscataway NJ, 2004).

Especially from the late 1970s onwards there have been two important new developments. As a student in the late 1950s and beginning of the 1960s I was given no awareness of any connection between western Syriac scholarship and Syriac scholars working within the different Syriac Churches. Only in the late 1970s and the 1980s did this begin to change. In part this could be attributable to the large number of immigrants to Europe of people from the various Churches of Syriac tradition, leading to a greater awareness, on the part of Europeans, of their very existence, but much more important was contact with Middle Eastern scholars such as Pierre Yousif (in Paris) and Yusuf Habbi (in Baghdad), whose work became familiar to western scholars, both through their writing and through conferences. Today happily such contact is no longer remarkable, and the

dichotomy between western and Middle Eastern Syriac scholarship is a thing of the past.

The second development can be seen as having taken its origin in Peter Brown’s The World of Late Antiquity (1971): here, for once, was a historian of the Late Roman Empire who looked beyond the sources in Greek and Latin to those in other lanuguages, including Syriac. Thanks to the influence of his writing and teaching, it is now unthinkable that anyone should study the period of Late Antiquity (now seen as extending into the early centuries of Islam and Arab rule) without paying attention to sources in the main languages of the Christian Orient.

From the latter part of the twentieth century six names might be singled out, André de Halleux, author of a magisterial study on Philoxenus of Mabbug and editor of many of his writings, René Draguet, editor of the CSCO and contributor to it of many volumes, Jean-Maurice Fiey, whose topographical histories, in his Assyrie chrétienne and elsewhere, will long remain fundamental, François Graffin, editor and contributor to numerous volumes of the Patrologia Orientalis, Werner Strothmann, tireless promoter of Syriac studies in Germany and editor of many volumes in the Syriac series of Göttinger Orientforschungen, Arthur Vööbus who, despite losing his library twice to invading armies, contributed hugely to Syriac studies with his three-volume History of Asceticism in the Syrian Orient and his many editions, often introducing western scholars to manuscripts and texts of the Middle East of which they had hitherto been totally unaware.

A brief outline of the history of Syriac scholarship can be found in my “The development of Syriac studies”, in K.J. Cathcart (ed.), The Edward Hincks Bicentenary Lectures (Dublin, 1994), pp. 94–113; and surveys of scholarship in my “Syriac Studies in the last three decades: some reflections”, in R. Lavenant (ed.), VI Symposium Syriacum 1992 (Orientalia Christiana Analecta 247; Rome, 1994), pp. 13–29, “A half century of Syriac studies”, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 40 (2016), pp. 38–48, and “Developments in Syriac studies over half a century (1964–2014)”, The Harp 31 (2016), pp. 1–15; also “The contribution of departed Syriacists, 1997–2006”, Hugoye 10 (2007), pp. 7–22. For the wider topic of Oriens Christianus, see especially H. Kaufhold, “Die Wissenschaft vom christichen Orient. Gedanke zur Geschichte und Zukunft des Faches”, in P. Bruns and H.O. Luthe (eds), Vom Euphrat an die Altmühle (Eichstätter Beiträge zur christlichen Orient 1; Wiesbaden, 2012), pp. 15–214; also on the future, L. van Rompay, “Syriac studies: the challenge of the coming decade”, Hugoye 10 (2007), pp. 23–35, is still applicable.